USER REACTION TO WILD AND SCENIC RIVER DESIGNATION1

: The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968 was designed to protect the nation's unique waterways. This Act, however, has been criticized for negatively affecting areas it was intended to protect. Findings, based on field investigation in the Upper Mississippi River basin suggest that designation may serve as a factor for increasing recreational use levels on the protected rivers. This study discusses the social and recreational consequences of designating rivers and the attitudes of river users regarding designation.     

运用模糊数学评价西岭雪山风景名胜区环境质量的研究

本文根据西岭雪山风景区的生态环境特征，选择了四种环境要素和若干参数，对八个采样带及全景区，运用模糊数学方法进行综合评价研究。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A NONDEGRAIATION POLICY FOR HIGH QUALITY WATERS1

ABSTRACT: The development of a nondegradation policy for high quality waters is a complex and often controversial process. This paper discusses the development of a nondegradation policy for two components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Water quality in these reaches of the Delaware River is threatened by rapid growth and development and the cumulative impacts from numerous wastewater discharges and nonpoint sources of pollution. The Delaware River Basin Commission, with assistance from its member states and the National Park Service, conducted a highly public, six-year planning process to develop a nondegradation policy that protected existing water quality without impinging upon local and state economic development objectives. The resulting non-degradation policy includes such features as numeric definitions of existing water quality and measurable change; stringent point source requirements; nonpoint source requirements including watershed planning requirements; and other water quality management policies.     

辽河铁岭段水质监测点位布设及分析

对辽河铁岭段水质监测点位布设及各点位在环境监测、研究污染控制、环境管理和制定环境规划等方面的影响及作用进行了分析。     

Assessing Ecological Integrity of Ozark Rivers to Determine Suitability for Protective Status

Preservation of extraordinary natural resources, protection of water quality, and restoration of impaired waters require a strategy to identify and protect least-disturbed streams and rivers. We applied two objective, quantitative methods to determine stream ecological integrity of headwater reaches of 10 Ozark rivers, 5 with Wild and Scenic River federal protective status. Thirty-four variables representing macroinvertebrate and fish assemblage characteristics, in-stream habitat, riparian vegetation, water quality, and watershed attributes were quantified for each river and analyzed using two multivariate approaches. The first approach, cluster and discriminant analyses, identified two groups of river with only one variable (% forested watershed) reliably distinguishing groups. Our second approach employed ordinal scaling to compare variables for each river to conceptually ideal conditions that were developed as a composite of optimal attributes among the 10 rivers. The composite distance of each river from ideal was then calculated using a unidimensional ranking technique. Two rivers without Wild and Scenic River designation ranked highest relative to ideal (highest ecological integrity), and two others, also without designation, ranked most distant from ideal (lowest ecological integrity). Fish density, number of intolerant fish species, and invertebrate density were influential biotic variables for scaling. Contributing physical variables included riparian forest cover, water nitrate concentration, water turbidity, percentage of forested watershed, percentage of private land ownership, and road density. These methods provide a framework for refinement and application in other regions to facilitate the process of establishing least-disturbed reference conditions and identifying rivers for protection and restoration.     

Use of diffuse reflectance spectrometry in spot test reactions for quantitative determination of cations in water

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be successfully used for the quantitative determination of small amounts of pollutants like metals. The remission function was found to be linearly proportional to the concentration, when we applied the Kubelka–Munk equation. The color reactions of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) with dithiooxamide, were realised on filter paper. Reaction between Fe(III) and ammonium thiocyanate was realized on filter paper and gelatine matrix. All measurements were accomplished with a laboratory-constructed reflectometer. We have obtained a calibration curve by plotting the optical density of reflectance A_R vs log of the mol l⁻¹ concentration. Limits of detection at the 10⁻⁴ M level were estimated for all the compounds. Linear dynamic range extend over one order of magnitude and shows the potential of device for the quantitative analysis of environmental pollutants.     

夹涤草堂旅游风景区资源开发与规划设计

在分析夹潦草堂旅游风景区背景要素和制约因素的基础上，遵循史学文化、知识、淳真自然的三大设计理念，采用圈层递进的总体布局构思，设计了7个主题区域的空间布局，开发出修学旅游、观光旅游、度假旅游、森林探险旅游等四大主导旅游产品。     

"九寨天堂"与九寨沟景区的互动关系

九寨天堂国际会议度假旅游中心与九寨沟景区之间存在着良性的互动关系。“九寨天堂”的开发对九寨沟景区起着积极的推动作用，九寨沟景区的发展对“九寨天堂”也有着直接的推进作用和内在优化功能，通过探讨两者之间的互动关系，旨在提出它们的良性互动模式及对策。     

2000年以来中国城市化的发展格局及其与经济发展的相关性

基于对城市化概念的认识，通过测算中国各城市的人口、经济和空间城市化率及其增长速度，运用Arcgis93支持下的热点分析方法，考察2000~2008年中国城市单元城市化水平增长的空间分布特征，揭示了中国城市化的空间模式，认为2000年以来中国的城市化发展热点仍然在东部沿海，主要围绕环渤海和珠三角两大城市化热点城市群，向东北、西北、西南等冷点区中心辐射、梯度推移；城市化的发展速度与地区经济发展水平有一定的空间相关性，但与经济增长格局有较大偏差，现有经济发展水平对于城市化的拉动作用相对经济增长更为明显；城市化空间格局的形成受自然、历史、政策、经济、人口等诸多因素的影响，其作用机制主要包含政府主导的“自上而下”和市场主导的“自下而上”两种道路，未来政府作用将逐渐弱化，推力的主动力地位将进一步强化     

太原汾河景区浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子关系分析

为了探究太原汾河景区水体浮游植物群落结构特征及水质状况,对浮游植物的种类组成、生物量及其与环境理化因子的相关性进行监测.在2014年丰水期6~10月对汾河太原景区从上游到下游设置9个采样点进行定期采样调查.分析结果表明,太原汾河景区水体中浮游植物主要为蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门植物,其中蓝藻植物数量最多,其次为绿藻和硅藻.在丰水期浮游植物细胞密度呈现先上升后下降现象,7月达到最高.采样点间也存在较大差异,位于汾河景区中下游的3个样点浮游植物数量最多.浮游植物生物量与环境理化因子的关系通过冗余分析(RDA)进行整体排序,结果表明浮游植物总细胞密度与溶解氧呈显著正相关,与化学需氧量呈显著负相关.硅藻细胞密度与水温、气温呈极显著正相关,与化学需氧量呈极显著负相关.各种环境因子的作用在不同时期的表现不同.综合营养状态指数分析,太原汾河景区水体中总氮在整个时空范围内超标,处于轻度到中度富营养水平状态.